BOBO dHHHHHH_H^ Z-`nFXd= XFtd=S r cwin>>!yYXFNp[.:ad=d=\tlwn?@@!yK[LI!yK[FToolsx[<FrameԸԸ~pp p dKdK.W`oLtp4oL Jane SteinjFLOM!`Nx(HHR[ (hh t2 HK'd"5La Vl /aff H/H/]Ha\Pz vd[\MwDSETDDAspl\a}a f$ 0~k C    4E h /0 k    C        !   "  #   $% $  Fxhd0 6a? Ug3eUU TRIBUNICIAN POWER I. Office of the Tribune Evolved out of a struggle of classes- patricians vs. plebeians 15 years after the Roman Republic was founded. In 494 BC plebeians refused to serve in the army and left Rome as a group until the patricians agreed to the establishment of an office of tribunes that would protect the interests, lives, and property of individuals from abuse by magistrates, i.e., consuls, praetors. Plebeians swore that they would kill anyone who harmed a tribune during his term of office. Initially 2, but later 10 tribunes were elected annually by the Concilium Plebis (Council of the plebs); always on the 10th of December and held at the Forum or in an area near the Capitol. Originally, tribunes were just mediators or arbitrators in matters among themselves, but later their power surpassed all other magistrates, and they could act on behalf of any citizen. Tribuneship was a dangerous post because its holder was often in conflict with powerful nobles, but for an ambitious man it was the quickest way to success. Required to be plebeians; in the late Republic, the patrician politician Clodius arranged for his adoption by a plebeian branch of his family, and successfully ran for the office of tribune. Late Republic - Sulla, who made himself a dictator, tried to remove tribuneship, but Pompey during his consulship restored the tribunes power. II. Powers of the Tribune(Tribunicia Potestas) Whole power the tribunes had was designated by the name Tribunicia Potestas and was limited to within 1 mile f6rom the city walls; any greater distance and they came under the imperium or highest political authority of the magistrates, like every other citizen. Tribunes were sacrosanct, i.e., anyone who attacked tribunes physically could be immediately killed. Had power of veto (Latin I reject) by which they could save any citizen who had appealed to them for protection from a sentence of the consuls or praetors, halt any tax for military service, or block any act of magistrates, any election, law or decision of the Senate. Had the power to arrest but not to summon, which meant that they could physically imprison a person, but they could not call upon one who was absent to present himself for arrest or trial; for example; they might command a person to be dragged before the assembly of tribes, but could not summon them. By the 3rd c. B.C.- acquired power to attend and convene the Senate and put matters before it. Tribunes could prosecute cases of evil doing by magistrates before the assembly or in the courts. As protectors of the plebeians, it was necessary that every one have access to them and at any time; therefore, the doors of theirs houses were open day and night for all who were in need of help or protection which they had the power to give against anyone, even against the highest magistrates. For the same reason, a tribune was not allowed to be absent from the city for a whole day except during the Teriae Latinae, when the whole people were gathered on Mount Alban. UIII. Tribunician power during the Empire Tribunician power was assumed by the emperors, starting with Augustus on July 1, 23 B.C. Augustus felt that if he was elected consul every year on a regular basis, he would make some senators very unhappy. The solution: obtain a lifetime grant of the tribunician power, an important step in allowing him to interfere in the operations of the senate and magistrates without seeming to be autocratic. As holder of a tribunes power, he had absolute right of veto, the right to be immune from prosecution, the right to hold elections and ignore results.  All successive emperors and many imperial heirs were granted tribunician power at the beginning of their reign; titles indicated the year of their tribunician power. Tribunician power became the foundation of imperial power inside the city of Rome; it was also symbolic of the emperor as protector of the interests of the common people. Bibliography Hooker, Richard. Rome: The Republic. World Civilizations. 6 June 1996. Washington State University. 18 Feb 2002. . Lomas, Kathryn. The Structures of the Roman State. The Roman Republic. Jan 2001. Univ. of NewCastle Upon Tyne. 18 Feb 2002. . McManus, Barbara F. Political Offices in the Roman Republic. June 1999. VRoma Project. The College of New Rochelle. 18 Feb 2002. . Schmitz, Leonhard. Tribunus. LacusCurtius. The Roman Tribune(Smiths Dictionary, 1875). 4 Nov 2001. 18 Feb 2002. . Tribune. Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. Sixth Edition. 2000. Columbia University Press. 21 Feb 2002. . ZNDSET2Hli 6*iDSET2HLu 6*iDSUM# Jane SteinHDNISTYLJSTYLiHda]@]he4xL  D                        ! 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